لراوبر ویب پاڼه لراوبر يو افغان – تازه خبرونه
The political system of democracy that emerged alongside of the human
being political history and their ambition for political power in
the course of history , finally crystallized in western world
during twentieth century and now, it is considered to be one of the
most effective and powerful forms of government. Although, the
effectiveness of democracy in solving social and economical problems
are substantial and have greatly benefited from the democratic system
of government, but in the development of third world is controversial
yet and need a century to analyze the outcome. However, the
democracies of the third world – the least developed nations in
Africa, Latin America and Asia – have demonstrated mixed
characteristics – while some like India, China etc, are emerging as
powerful nations, in many other countries democracy has not been
effective in solving the political and socio-economic issues and
developmental issues affecting the society such as Turkey and
Pakistan.
Imposed Democracy, is a form of foreign imposed government,
in which the enforced voting of people play the pivotal citizenry of
the state, commonly referred to as ‘the people’, is empowered to draw
out or alter the basic laws and forms of government itself.
A question often raised in political forums is whether the democratic
system in third world countries is real at all?
Collapsed of Soviet Union have brought attention of the public to the
question that what would happen to the third world? And, how would be the
relationship between westernization, democracy and development of
political Islam. What comes first in 21th century? Is there a choice
between democracy and stability? Can democracy be promoted from
outside or imposed by invasion or democracy is outcome of economical,
political and social of democratic culture from within a country? Are
multi ethnic cultures equally develop under democratic government? is
the development of democracy is part of world political and social
development? And finally, what are the respective roles of national
governments, international democratic organizations and civil society?
Why does democracy failed to take root in multiple third world
countries between 1960 and 2000? The explanations are very widely and
depend to each country, social, cultural, economical development,
ethnic and religious compassion and historic event, national wealth
resources, history of foreign invasion, social conflicts and civil war
history. According to theory of democracy economic development must
precede democracy development, but how it is possible to expect
development of infrastructure of country under dictatorship and
tyranny? The answer is related to development of Russia and China
three decade ago and while the infrastructure development which is
substantial part of economical development did not happened in the
rest of third world countries under dictatorship government. Other
theory insist that the backward cultures and social composition of the
country of the third world precludes any progress for government in
the path way similar to western countries model. In the third world
conservative social culture play substantial role in development of
dictatorship and suppressing of democracy. Pakistan built by British
as political and military backyard in south Asia. Although, its
creator was (Britain) developed in the pathway of democracy but its
creature followed the pathway of dictatorship and tyranny. Dictator
General Aube Khan (1958 to 1969), upon seizing power in Pakistan’s
first military coup gave the following justification about democracy
in his address to the nation: “We must understand that democracy
cannot work in a hot climate. To have democracy we must have a cold
climate like Britain.” Aube’s believes and comments were quite clearly
ridiculous, and completely baseless in explaining why democracy theory
works in some places but not others, regardless of social, political
and economic development. Unfortunately, Afghanistan’s 1964 democracy
collapsed in the lap of presidential dictatorship in 1973. In 1979 Iran’s
liberal society windup in the Islamic conservative society. These
regressive evolutions are in many nations need answers. We were
witnessed repeatedly the collapse of “democracy” and the rise of
authoritarian regimes in Africa, Middle East, Fareast and Latin
America. After analyzing the political, social, military, and economic
obstacles to democratization in the third world, this analysis
concludes that traditional convention crisis continued in the third
world , whether liberal democracy , political Islam or socialist based on economy Implemented in the society, the interest of society, are unlikely to produce and
the desired results are not more than a political slogan. Theatrically the highly experienced
contributors to this analysis suggest there is a specific relationship
between the two: practical democracy implies liberal society
development of infrastructure and government checks and balances
windup more accountability and less corruption—all of which is
beneficial to sustainable development. In order to answer the question,
it is imperative to have a definite understanding of the meaning and
characteristics of democracy. Democracy, as stated earlier is a form
of government, in which the voting citizenry of the state, commonly
referred to as ‘the people’, is empowered to draw out or alter the
basic laws and forms of government itself. The governmental decisions
are made by representatives of the people who act according to the
will of the people, as enforced by elections and the rule of law or
the written constitution of the state. Thus democracy is a form of
government characterized by the rule of the many over the few, the
leading maxim being – “of the people, by the people and for the
people.”
Though direct voting is crucial to decision-making in democratic
system, democracies often function through representatives of the
people elected through an electoral process, who take decision on all
matters during their term of governance. The electoral system of
democracy emerged when the purpose of establishing representative
institutions was taken for granted. In an electoral democracy, the
process of election is often assumed as crucial to the functioning of
democracy. In electoral democracies the various political parties
compete in a fair and free election, after publicizing their agenda
for governance.
The authoritarianism prevalent in many of the third world nations,
particularly in Africa and Latin American countries have given rise to
what is called procedural democracy. The procedural democracy
essentially refers to the competition of parties in an electoral
system — it is described as an imperfect, minimal definition of
democracy, expressed in largely procedural and electoral terms defined
as voters choosing, in free and fair elections contested by competing
candidates who fill public offices that are governed by constitutional
law. Procedural democracy assumes that the electoral process is at the
core of its authority and ensures that all procedures of election are
duly complied with.
However, in procedural democracy, it is common that the corrupt elites
might use electoral procedures to maintain themselves in power against
the best interests of the people, thus thwarting the establishment of
real democracy.
The case of South African countries such as Namibia, Angola,
Mozambique etc, where procedural elections are conducted through
international assistance are examples of procedural democracies, where
the assisting nations influence the election and the elected
government, upsetting the true functioning of democracy. The case of
Pakistan, where the democratic rituals – the procedures and practices
are duly conducted is another example of a third world procedural
democracy, where the spirit and imperative dimensions of democracy
such as ‘people’s will” in crucial decisions are definitely lacking.
Political analysts claim that there has been a gradual degradation of
democratic norms and values during the past one-decade in Pakistan.
The case of India, an emerging third world country and the world’s
largest democracy, is quite different from the rest and needs mention.
India is often cited as a true democratic system, with a free and fair
multiparty electoral system. However democracy in India, characterized
by the high corruption in institutions, has not been beneficial to
development as it could have been. The mysterious post-electoral
alliances between the elected representatives, which has no direct
support and consent of the people, has been detrimental to real
democratic functioning and development.
The system of democracy is repeatedly resorted and hailed as an
effective system of governance. The effectiveness of a democratic
system is very much dependent on the sense and sensibility of the
voting citizenry. However, in the third world countries, where the
common man in too much loaded with the burdens of life, the democratic
system is often manipulated by either corrupt elite within the system
or external agencies trying to implement their agenda.
In order to understand why imposing Democracy on under developed third
world nations is actually complex and controversial idea, one need
to understand both the dynamics of democracy in the first world in
convergence of science and technology versus third world developing of
ethnic and cultural conflicts Under influence of political and economical situation and fast
growingly destructive force liberal democracy in the bottom of
conservative feudally society of the third world produce
politico-economic chassis rather than open the way for the processes
based on society development and needs. The Procedural democracy which
is a democracy in which the people have less influence than in
traditional liberal democracies has better out come in conservative
society. This type of democracy is characterized by voters choosing to
elect representatives rather than direct democracy voting procedure.
Procedural democracy is quite different from substantive democracy,
which is marked by equal participation of all political groups in
political and social development process of society. Substantive
democracy is an uncommon form of democracy according to its conclusion
try to describe real democracy in multiple ethnic societies. In other
words, substantive democracy is a form of democracy that functions in
the interest of the participant groups in government.
A basically homogeneous society is important, if a democratic
electorate is to keep away from the type of ethnic factionalism seen
today in most multi-racial, multi-cultural third world countries.
Ethnic conflicts may lead to physical oppression of minorities, or it
may lead to voting coalition manipulated by the same kind of
oligarchy.
The development of late 20th century democracy theory, were much more
concerned with freedom or human rights and social justice rather than
with old-fashioned democracy theory that allowed an inclusive
citizenry to choose their government .Democracy in this sense is
political democracy seemed to be an almost in contradictory , 19th
century idea of Marxism and new theory of political Islam. The Marxism
and political Islam had many complaints about overwhelming poverty,
devastation of the environment, lack of basic freedoms, and corruption
in the third world. It was remarkable, however, that they saw lack of
democracy, the absence of honest, effective elections, as basic to
their predicament and the introduction of free elections and free
expression as an essential part of any solution.
The events of the last few years such as US invasion in Iraq and
Afghanistan do not permit easy optimism that the third world is
moving in a freer direction – war, terrorism, government repression
and crushing poverty still victimize millions of people. It is
important to remember, however, that in the last third of the 20th
century, independence and pre-democracy were stored or introduced into
many East Europe countries but Pakistan that had been written off as
not ready and maybe hardly ready for democracy. Although, in most of
third world democratic regimes have failed or are in perilous
condition, but some countries for instance, South Korea, Taiwan,
Poland, and Portugal – democracy seems as healthy as it is in first
world. Further, despite various failures, democracy developed greater
prestige than at any time since the end of the Second World War.
After the collapse of the Iran Kingdom, another version of political
Islam under name of “people’s democracy” more relevant to Marxist
theory rather than Islam political view, which is opposite to western
“(bourgeois) democracy” was implemented in Iran. Historically, once
opened to thorough investigation, the people’s democracies” had little
to offer freedom and in self-justification in society.
Despite the growing popularity of democracy’s theory, many of those
interested in the big questions of forward policy of NATO expansion
toward third world and whether it has been a benign of spiteful
influence of neocolonialism or spread of democracy theory?
In 1980s it was commonly believed, that the failure of democracy to
take firm root in the third world and former British colonies in North
America indicated that democracy was culturally foreign to most
inhabitants of the globe. Anglo-European democracy was seen as
rooted in the development of certain specific ideas and values over
the very long term. The road to modern democracy was marked by unique
milestones that western countries had passed in good time after Second
World War, but every other country had missed opportunity. The
necessity of passing through these stages of democracy in a timely
fashion seemed to be proved by the subsequent failure of many
countries – notably in some country of Asia, Latin America and Africa
but also in southern Europe – to establish stable democratic regimes
in the 20th century was A dream.
In 21th century, it might be argued that if people in most regions of
the world have had great experience of democracy, they might just be
not waiting for their chance. In 21th century it is easy to conclude
that many of third world countries would have a chance, to develop
democracy.
The protection of individual rights is the goal of modern theory of
democracy with greater economic freedom, the active involvement of the
citizenry in government, and real elections. The experience of
established democracy in third world was indeed irrelevant to theory
of democracy. In the third world countries new regimes with repressive
ambitions had to present themselves as offering to democracy was the
main obstacle toward democracy.
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# 1 : Prospect of Democracy in Third World
“Turning point” for democratization on the third world,
the development of democracy as a political system and as a modern
civilized social way of society development and as a solution for
ethnic conflict, socio-economic development on the third world has
been jeopardize in the 19th and 20th by the European colonialist
forward policy of Britain, France, Spain, Portugal and Russia in
Asia, Africa, north and south America and Australia forced the third
world countries people to fight for their freedom rather than be part
of socio economic development of their countries. The struggle of
third world countries people for their freedom in some countries
continued for decades and in these countries the war and violations
developed. Under nationalistic sentiment some countries adopted
Marxism as a solution to be independent of European colonialism and in
recent decades some Islamic groups choose Political Islam as an ideology to
beat western colonialist forward policy, westernization under name of
democracy and bring freedom, peace; solve ethnic conflict and
socio-economic problems,. Some European nation in eighteen century
adopt colonial policy which run beyond its borders by the occupying of
traditional countries and establishment of new countries, either
settler or exploitation colonies in which native populations are not
directly ruled, displaced, or exterminated. Colonizing countries
vigorously dominate the resources, labor, and markets of the colonial
territory, and may also imposed puppet government, socio-cultural,
religious, and linguistic structures on the native population. They
cultivate political violation among colonizing nations. Colonialist
countries political polices were mainly based on the ethnocentric
belief that the morals and values of the colonizer were superior to
those of the colonized nations. Some historic events are very
permanent in cultivation of political violation on the third world in
recent decade of 21th century. Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979),
Islamic Revolution of Iran, (1978), Algerian Civil War (1991), double
standard policy of Pakistan during the Afghan Russians war, Afghan
civil war in south Asia played substantial role in develop of Radical
Violent Islam in the Islamic countries which quit different from
doctrine of traditional Islam as a religion.
The impact of Soviet Union invasion in Afghanistan on development of
Political violent Islam: Russian invasion in Afghanistan ignited
cultivation of political violation Islam in traditional peaceful
conservative Afghan society .Americans used political Islam as an
ideological tool to breakdown communism, therefore the CIA
substantially financed Islamic fundamentalist group in Afghanistan to
play pivotal role in up surging militancy against Russian invasion of
Afghanistan rather than Afghan nationalist groups. The CIA forced the
Afghan militant groups to organized and armed under direct supervision
of Pakistan ISI, therefore; this is the historic turning point in
developing of a phenomena today’s called international terrorism and,
Afghans, Americans and internal community paid the price and this
adverse phenomena won`t subside tell existence of Pakistan as country.
At the end of Afghan Russian war the USSR wipeout from map of the
world, Afghanistan drown in civil war and Pakistan ISI turn to a
school of training for international terrorism. Al-Qaeda, organization
members are graduated from Pakistan ISI training center. Al-Qaeda have
attacked civilian and military targets in various countries, the most
notable being the September 11 attacks in 2001. These actions were
followed by the US government launching a military and intelligence
campaign against al-Qaeda called the War on Terror in Afghanistan, but
the historic error was, the USA instead of Pakistan invade Iraq and
fun the flame for Al-Qaeda militancy. the ISI chose and used Pashtoon
mainland (Pashtoonkhwa) as base of international terrorism.ISI change
the Pashtoon traditional Nationalism to violent political Islam to
keep supremacy of Punjabis in NWFP and Baluchistan states.
The impact of clear-cut rejection of democracy by the Europe and USA
in Algeria on development of Political violent Islam is obvious***
Clear-cut rejection of election outcome by USA and Europe in Algeria
not only changed the course of democratization in the Arab world, but
also turned the country to bloody civil war. The rest of Arabic
country political movement turned overwhelmingly toward violations
and prepared situation for emergence of
new phenomena so called violent political Islam which combined with
the politico-military tactics of Afghan mujahidin in Arabic countries
to overthrown their governments by partisan war tactics rather than
election. Denying of Algeria election by western countries opened the
road for political violation in Islamic countries and the political
reflection of these political violations in the western media was
Islamic terrorism and opened the road for Al-Qaeda militancy to use
Islam as a political ideology rather then religion.
In Algeria. After more than a century of rule by
France, Algerians fought through much of the 1950s to achieve
independence in 1962. Algeria’s primary political party, the National
Liberation Front (FLN), has dominated politics ever since. Many
Algerians in the subsequent generation were not satisfied, however,
and moved to counter the FLN’s centrality in Algerian politics. The
surprising first round success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in
the December 1991 balloting spurred the Algerian army to intervene and
postpone the second round of elections to prevent what the secular
elite feared would be an extremist-led government from assuming power.
The army began a crack down on the FIS that spurred FIS supporters to
begin attacking government targets. The government later allowed
elections featuring pro-government and moderate religious-based
parties, but did not appease the activists who progressively widened
their attacks. The fighting escalated into an insurgency, which saw
intense fighting between 1992 to1998 and which resulted in over
100,000 deaths – many attributed to indiscriminate massacres of
villagers by extremists. The government gained the upper hand by the
late-1990s and FIS’s armed wing, the Islamic Salvation Army, disbanded
in January 2000. Although, the conflict effectively ended with a
government victory, following the surrender of the Islamic Salvation
Army and the 2002 defeat of the Armed Islamic Group, but still, armed
militants persist in confronting government forces and conducting
ambushes and occasional attacks on villages. The Algerian civil war
impact in development of militancy in Arabic country will continue for
decades. Arabs militancy originated from Israel occupation of
Palestine is the origin of Arab Militancy, which lead to 9/11
catastrophic ascendant. During the cold war US lead western democracy
support the Palestine occupation by Israel. This historic political
error of western democracy in the third world opened the road for
Marxism to develop as an ideal theory that support the nation freedom
and the cause of Palestine, human rights and labor rights, rather than
luxury theory of western democracy which support the Israeli
occupation of palastine. Western democracy in the third world count as
new colonialism and imperialism and it was a substantial blowup to the
theory of real democracy and open the radicalism way in the third
world. The raise of Marxism as a theory of salvage of human being had
been fall down in by Soviet Union occupation of Afghanistan in1979 and
opens the road of Political Islam as revolutionary Ideology in Islamic
country and lead to Islamic revolution in Iran. The ideology of
political Islam was lead to a dictatorship even than Stalin style
communist government. On the other hand Iranian Islamic revolution
localized to Iranian Shia religion rather than an Islamic political
version of Islam. Shia believes in the imamate as a political Islamic
system, which is not the distinctive institution of Islam.
After Collapse of Soviet Union due to resistance of Afghans in
Afghan-Russian War the Cold War replaced to war on terror between
violent Arabs extremist or so-called international political Islam and
US lead western democracy. The war ignited between the newly raised
star (international political Islam- today’s Al-Qaida) which was USA
lead western allies during the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and the
United State at the beginning of collapsed of the Soviet Union. The
USA political strategist doctrine during Soviet-Afghan War believed
that only political Islam( political ideology of Islam) is able to
fight against Marxism Ideology in the Islamic country and specially in
Afghanistan and Pakistan or Radical Islamic Parties in Afghanistan,
Pakistan by the Arab Islamist radical are able to beat on the ground
and Ideological Marxism which count for the decades as a revolutionary
Socio-economic solution in the third word.
The Soviet War in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or
just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict
involving Soviet forces supporting the Marxist People’s Democratic
Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) government against the mujahedeen
resistance. The latter group found support from a variety of sources
including the United States, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and other Muslim
nations in the context of the Cold War. This conflict was concurrent
to the 1979 Iranian Revolution and the Iran–Iraq War.
